A review on Selected Pharmacological and Phytochemical Activities of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

The genus Withania belongs to the Solanaceae family and contains about twenty-six species that are found in Africa, the Himalayan areas, Australia, Canary Islands, Cape of Good Hope, Europe and the world at large. They are characterized by a wide range of phytochemical composition, with a special emphasis on steroidal lactones known as Withanolides. Ashwagandha is a potent adaptogen that strengthens the body's defenses against stress. Ashwagandha exerts its effects on several physiological systems. Firstly, it enhances the functioning of the nervous system, leading to improvements in brain function and memory, as well as a reduction in neurodegenerative processes. Secondly, it supports the maintenance of the reproductive system's optimal sexual and reproductive efficiency. Thirdly, it supports cell-mediated immunity, thereby enhancing the body's ability to resist diseases. Last but not least, it exhibits antimicrobial properties, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory anti-arthritic, liver tonic agent. Among others, Withania somnifera (L) Dunal has been extensively studied in the realms of pharmacology and agroindustry in humans and experimental animals. This review provides a comprehensive insight into, traditional applications in folk medicinal, botanical characteristics, phytometabolites, and pharmaceutical potential of Withania somnifera against neurodegenerative disorders, Anti-anxiety, Antistress, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and Antiviral activity against COVID-19 are explored in humans and animals, as well as their safety and adverse effects.