@article { author = {Abdullah, Hend and El-Molla, Amal and Saleb, Fayez and Ghazy, Alaa and Allam, Nesreen and Abdelshafy, Sobhy}, title = {Preliminary Detection of Rickettsiae Using PCR Targeting OmpA Gene Among Dogs and Horses in Cairo, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {1-8}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2019.19553.1127}, abstract = {Background: Rickettsioses are intracellular bacterial infectious diseases causing high morbidity and sometime high mortality with public health importance. Aim: The aim of present study was to detect rickettsiae in dogs and horses in Cairo, Egypt by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting OmpA gene. Methods: A total number of 200 blood samples (100 from dogs and 100 from horses) were collected from Cairo province, Egypt. All blood samples were investigated by PCR using OmpA gene to detect the rickettsial infection. Furthermore, hematological examination for all blood samples was performed. Results: PCR detection of rickettsiae using OmpA gene amplification revealed that the infection rate was 18 % and 72 % in dogs and horses, respectively. Regarding hematological changes, hypochromic anemia, significant increase in neutrophils, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were recorded in rickettsiae positive dogs. Meanwhile, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and monocytosis were recorded in rickettsiae positive horses. Conclusion: The detection of rickettsiae in dogs and horses indicated that dogs and horses play a critical role as sentinels in an epidemiological approach of rickettsiae in Cairo, Egypt.}, keywords = {Rickettsiae,dogs,Horses,PCR,OmpA gene}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_64821.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_64821_ee02db021c20ab5a3c690d85aa5e5ab0.pdf} } @article { author = {Taie, Hanan and El-Namaky, Amira and Abo-Taleb, Hoda and Hendawy, Seham and Abo-Aziza, Faten and Allam, Nesreen}, title = {Antioxidant Capacity of Four Edible Plant Extracts and Theirlarvicidal Effect on the Third Instar Cephalopinatitilator Larvae}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {9-20}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2019.19549.1124}, abstract = {The larvicidal activities of Ocimumbasilicum (O. basilicum), Citrus limon (C.limon), Syzygiumaromaticum (S. aromaticum), and Piper nigrum (P. nigrum) extracts were evaluated against 3rd instar Cephalopinatitillator larvaeas an alternative to chemical drugs. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of these crude extracts was measured by four common methods. The P. nigrum seed extract possessed the highest antioxidant activity, highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents among all the investigated four plant extracts. The DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was 73.73±0.14% and the reducing power activity was 2.01±0.007). Ferric reducing power ability (FRAP) was 5327μM Trolox /100 g DW, while ABTS radical scavenging ability (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) found to be 75.91±0.59% at the concentration (50 µg/ ml). According to the mortality percentages of C. titilator larvae and the LC50, 90 of S.aromaticum extract were found to be more effective with an increase in dose followed by C.limon, O.basilicum, and P. nigrum. Also, by using light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) the morphological changes that occurred 24 hr at 1% of C.limon extract were filmed and the examined larva was exhibited extensive swelling of the integument. Also, posterior spiracles were showed severe damage and shrinkage of the internal structure. In conclusion, all the investigated plant extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity. The current study offers an opportunity for new compounds, which is a cheap alternative for the more costly larvicides.}, keywords = {antioxidant,C.titilator,extracts,larvicidal}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66625.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66625_ddb7402bd62f84342a563b9859f461f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Fathi, A. and Almuhammady, A. and M. Sobhy, Mona, and MF. ElMiniawy, Hala, and S. Khattab, Marwa,}, title = {Histopathological changes after treatment of Mycoplasma bovis infected Does with Zinc oxide nanoparticles as a new tool.}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {21-28}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2019.19940.1133}, abstract = {Mycoplasma bovis mastitis is highly contagious, results in a severe milk production drop in an affected cow. Mastitis in dairy animals is causing heavy economic losses worldwideby loss of milk production, treatment costs and premature culling of chronically infected animals. Nanotechnology has the potential to enable revolutionarychanges in near future given drugs and vaccines can be more effective in treating and preventing the diseases than current technologies, thus reducing cost.Twenty multiparous rabbit does were used after giving birth. The aim of study is to evaluate efficiency of antibiotic nanoparticle on induced rabbit mastitis infected with M. bovis. Animals were divided into four groups’ five rabbits each: Gp. 1 was a control negative group. Gp. 2 is the control positive which was inoculated intraperitoneally with freshly prepared 106 cfu M. bovis. Gp. 3 was inoculated intraperitoneally with freshly prepared 106 cfu M. bovis for 4 days and then treated with lincospectin antibiotic for 5 days. Gp. 4 was inoculated intraperitoneally by freshly prepared 106 cfu M. bovis for 4 days and then treated with lincospectin + zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle for 5 days.Animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks of experiment and udder tissue samples were collected. Histopathological findings, Gp.2, rabbits exhibited histopathological changes in different organs in addition to mammary glands causing mastitis. In Gp.3, there were edema, mononuclear cells infiltration and mild fibroblastic proliferation in the interstitial tissue of the mammary gland. Moreover, some acini were almost devoid of milk secretion. Gp.4, there was mild fibroblastic proliferation in the interstitial tissue and little milk secretion in the mammary acini.We concluded that the linco-spectin nanoparticle was effective against M. bovis. Furthermore, nanoparticles tagged with antibiotics have been shown to increase the antibiotic interaction, and facilitate binding of antibiotics to bacteria. ZnO-NPs could be formulated in a suitable treatment of mastitis caused by M. bovis in dairy cattle.}, keywords = {Mycoplasma bovis,Zinc Oxide,Nanoparticles,mastitis}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66626.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66626_83728f9c79899c1ede32d2b49b5818a6.pdf} } @article { author = {M. El Moghazy, Faragalla and H. El-Namaky, Amira}, title = {Larvicidal Effect of Zingiber officinale and Cyperusrotundus Oils on The third Instar Larvae Cephalopinatitillator (L.)}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {29-37}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2019.19545.1122}, abstract = {Cephalopina titillator (C. titillator) [Clark, Diptera: Oestridae] only attacks camels and damage tissues causing economic losses and reduction of fertility. The present work evaluated two common essential plant oils from Cyperusrotundus (C. rotundus) (Cyperaceae) and Zingiber officinale (Z .officinale ) (Zingiberaceae), which are considered ecofriendly and have the ability to kill larvae. Scanning electron microscopic examinations were done to demonstrate alterations of the respiratory spiracles after exposure to the essential oils. Three different concentrations 30, 50, 100 µl/ml of oils in distilled water were prepared. Few drops of Tween 80 were added as an emulsifier to the used essential oils. Five 3rd instar larvae were used in each treatment then dipping procedure was applied five times. Each group of larvae was immersed for 60s in each dilution for each oil and the solution was continuously stirred. Dead larvae were counted after 24 hrs. Samples of treated and control larvae were fixed for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The essential oils were very toxic to C. titillator larvae. Results of dipping bioassays showed that mortality of treated larvae was concentration-dependent. At the 100µl/ml concentration, there was 100% mortality of larvaefor both oils. The posterior spiracles were damaged and showed severe distortion of both lips. C. rotundus and Z. officinale oils have great potential to be developed as a novel larvicidea gainst C. titillator larvae and they could be used as nasal drench .They may be an effective, inexpensive control for this pest.}, keywords = {Cephalopinatitillator,Cyperusrotundus,Zingiber officinale,oils}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66628.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_66628_54d2772dfe87c2f434c70094f91fb231.pdf} } @article { author = {A. Ismaeel, M. and T. Al-doori, Z. and N. Hussein, S.}, title = {Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Feed Additive on Some Aspects of Productive and Reproductive Performance in Adult Awassi Lambs.}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {39-45}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19550.1125}, abstract = {The study was carried out in the animal house at the College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Tikrit for the period from January to July 2017, using 16 Awassi lambs at the age between10-12 months, and an average weight (36 kg). The animals were divided into four groups each one included four lambs. The first group was considered as control (T1), and kept without the addition of bread yeast to foods.The diets in the others groups (T2, T3 and, T4) contained the  yeast in the proportions of (3, 5 and, 7 g /animal / day), respectively. Wheat straw was introduced as a free coarse feed as well as concentrated feed at 2.5% of weight which is measured weekly for 75 days.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of several levels of dry bread yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on some productive, reproductive traits, and number of blood parameters. The results showed no significant differences for all studied traits (final weight, Body condition score, concentration of testosterone, blood glucose, protein and cholesterol). From all testicular and epididymis measurements were taken from animals after slaughter (weight and size of testicles, length and diameter of testis, weight of epididymis and length of one of them) the only testicular weight and size showed significant increases in all groups  were given bread yeast to foods and the group that given high levels of yeast (T4) appeared highest increases compared with other treated group (T2 and T3).In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the using of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeas supplementation in lambs feed leads to improvingthe reproductive performance in spite of insignificant changes in the production trait and blood parameters.}, keywords = {Saccharomyces cerevisiae,reproductive performance,adult Awassi lambs}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_68945.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_68945_cffff4c6237c65a9eb191113e5cb4219.pdf} } @article { author = {E. Nofal, Amany and A El-Messady, Ferial and A. Ahmed, Rania}, title = {Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) at Different localities of Delta Barrage, Egypt}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {47-56}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.20099.1136}, abstract = {The aquatic environment is particularly suffered from the various contaminants due to industry, urbanization and agriculture activities. The present study was carried out to study histological structural of liver in the freshwater fish, Oreochromisniloticus, which collected from different localities and exposed to different pollutants. Histological, histochemical, and Immunohistochemical alterations were examined in liver .Samples from El-Riah El-Menoufy and downstream of El-Rahawy area, indicated that, the Last one is more suffered from many histopathological changes than those collected from El-Qanater El-Khyria.As well as, a decrease in carbohydrates distribution, an elevation of different types of fiber and a strong caspase-3 expression are detected. The histopathological damages were related to the discharge of water loaded with sewage in El-Riah El-Menoufy and El-Rahawy drain, which consequently may affect fish and human health. The present study also investigated the concentrations of some heavy metals in river water (iron, copper, zinc and cadmium) and their effects on Nile Tilapia obtained from the same investigate sites. Accordingly, there is a necessity to treat the sewage effluents before discharging to the Rosetta branch.}, keywords = {Liver,histopathology,Immunohistochemistry,Heavy metals,Nile tilapia}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_68947.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_68947_c71e9435cb868a9ea0976b795667a876.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Sobhy, Mona and Fathi, A. and A. Abougazia, Kh. and R. Oshba, M. and H.R. Kotb, M.}, title = {Study on Occurrence of Contagious Equine Metritis in the Genital Tract of Equine.}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {57-62}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19942.1134}, abstract = {Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) is a transmissible venereal disease of equine, causes infertility in mares and spontaneous abortion in pregnant ones. Theetiological agent of CEM is Gram negative bacteria; Taylorellaequigenitalis. In this study,a number of45 clitoral swabswere collected from suspected mares and twenty swabs were fromurethral fossa of stallions. Swabs were kept cool during transportation on Amies with charcoal medium. At the lab, all swabs during 48 hours since they have been collected then cultured on tryptose chocolate blood agar (TBA) plates, and incubated at 37ºC in microaerophilic atmosphere of 5%-10% CO2 in hydrogen of 7 days. The suspected colonies have been examined for biochemical characters of catalase, oxidase and phosphatase.Allmareswere scannedby ultrasound scanner (Sono Scape sonar), vaginal and/or rectal, checked for the presence of any uterine fluid which may indicate the presence of infection. On the other hand, culture investigations revealed 2 (10%) positive cases among stallions and 5 (11.1%) mare’s culture positive for T. equigenitalis. The bacterium is catalase, oxidase and phosphatase positive. The colonies were confirmed by immunofluorescent test and its sensitivity was 100%.Ultrasound examination of three mare’s uteri showing pyometra where their lumen measured 40.6- 57.3 mm fully filled with echogenic particles. While, the uteri of the other two mares showingendometritis which appearedas an echogenicuterine lumen measured 18.6 mm and 37.6 mm with echogenic particles scattered on it. Biosecurity practices can help in preventingspread of CEM by bacterial culture tests on breeding stallions prior to breeding season. Also, urethral swab for CEM testing should be a stallion’s annual breeding exam. According to this study an ultrasound scan at the breeding season to check for the soundness of the mare uteri is strongly recommended.}, keywords = {Contagious Equine Metritis,Mares,Stallion,Ultrasound}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_69070.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_69070_3cfdd8e0fcf449bd8452fdf0a8365847.pdf} } @article { author = {A. Awadh, Halah and khalaf, Hibayounis and M Majeed, Hala and A. Jasim, Nawar and S. Noomi, Bashar and A. Jafar, Nihad and N. Dhaher, Nawaf}, title = {Use of Genetic Method for Investigating of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin Isolated From Local Cows in Iraq}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {63-68}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19557.1128}, abstract = {This study carried out in Salahaldeen province in period January to September 2019. The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella dublin in cow by using of PCR test. The results of current study showed that salmonella species isolation from cow in rate of 13.3% by culture methods, high of them from aborted cows in rate of 22.2%. Result of PCR test showed that salmonella typhimurium and salmonella Dublin detection in rate of 55% and 25% respectively while other salmonella species detected in rate of 20% from total salmonella isolates . Introduction Salmonellosis is one of most important zoonotic dangerous diseases, caused by bacteria return to genera of salmonella (1). Salmonella is gram negative bacilli, non-spore forming , non-capsulated, motile by Peritrichous Flagella except S. gallinarum and S. pullorum . lactose and sucrose non ferment while ferment of glucose, maltose and sorbetoil (2).}, keywords = {Genetic method,Salmonella,cow}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_69291.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_69291_b1c7efe9d313fa22434d21fc79259569.pdf} } @article { author = {Sayed-Elahl, Rasha M.H. and M. El-Shinawy, Noha and Nagy, Khaled}, title = {A Trial for Improvement of Kareish Cheese Quality by Using Chitosan Nanoparticles}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {69-80}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19943.1135}, abstract = {The present study was undertaken to evaluate the addition of nano-chitosan to kareish cheese for improvement their characters, including odour, tastes, colors and mycological quality. Out of 40 samples of kareish cheese were obtainedr and mly from retail farmers and supermarkets from different district in Giza Governorate, all samples were contaminated with fungi; the mean count/g was (1×103±2.4). The most common isolated mould species were Aspergillus spp. which isolated from (80%) meanwhile; all samples were contaminated with different yeast species. The residues of AFM1 were detected in 42 %, and theaccurate quantitative detection was observed in immunoaffinity column method than thin layer chromatography. The results revealed that the addition or coating with nano-chitosan (0.25% and 0.5%) before or after manufacturing of kareish cheese could cause their prolonged safe preservation as the nano-chitosan have the antimicrobial potential against several bacteria and fungi. Also, the colour, odour and taste of coated or added CSNPs cheeses were more accepted and palatable good characters were observed for a longer time of storage. Hence, it is anticipated that chitosan nanoparticles have the potential of becoming a powerful and safe natural antifungal agent. Therefore, the present study may provide the possibility of the addition of CSNPs to coating kareish cheese manufacture for quality improvement and extending its shelf life.}, keywords = {Milk,kareish cheese,AFM1,Chitosan nanoparticles,coating,Antifungal}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_70825.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_70825_c5a6650ce16f34b71ec2f2ab129c926f.pdf} } @article { author = {EL Dakroury, M. F.}, title = {Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Powder on Some Blood Parameters and Performances of Broilers}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {81-88}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19548.1123}, abstract = {This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Moringa oleifera leaves meal (MOLM) supplementation as a natural growth promoter in broiler chickens. Total of 160 one day old Hubbard chicks were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. Group (1) served as a control group. Groups (2), (3) and (4) received MOLM in their feed at levels of 2.5%, 5% and 7 %, respectively, till the end of the experiment (42 days). The live body weights and the total amount of feed intake were recorded weekly. Hematological and biochemical tests were performed at 14th and 42th days of age. At the end of the experiment, birds were sacrificed and weights of breast meat, gizzard, heart and liver were recorded. It was observed that MOLM at 5 % and 7% levels significantly (P < 0.05) improved the weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and decreased the mortality rate. Moreover, the three levels of MOLM significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the total red blood cell count (RBC) at 14th and 42nd days of age respectively comparing with a control group. Last group (MOLM 7%), achieved a significant improvement of the hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total antioxidant capacity(TAC), phagocytic activity, total leukocytes count (TLC), lymphocytes, total protein (TP) and globulin levels. In conclusion, MOLM 7% could be used as a natural growth promoter in broilers chicken.}, keywords = {Moringa oleifera,Performances,hematology,biochemistry}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_70838.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_70838_f69c831760dfac558021028c3bf25765.pdf} } @article { author = {Kh. Hameed, B. and M. Fadhil, R. and Sh. Hussain, Rasha and A. Abdullah, Buthina and A. Hadi, Kh. and S. Obid, Wassan and H. Hadree, D. and A. Gabori, Enaam and E. Mustafa, Nadya}, title = {Effect of Metamizole (Dipyrone) on Blood and Histological Pictures of Liver and Spleen in Rats}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {50}, number = {The 8th lnternational Conference of Veterinary Research Division (NRC) Cairo, Egypt , 3rd-5th December, 2019}, pages = {89-94}, year = {2019}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0222}, eissn = {2357-089X}, doi = {10.21608/ejvs.2020.19551.1126}, abstract = {We used in our study Twenty rats ,divided into two  groups .the first group consist of  10 rats considered as a control group, while the second group treated with 0.05 ml\body weight\day of dipyron injected for 30 days duration. The  toxic effect of dipyrone was obvious in the different tissue and haematotoxic effects  . The histological changes were obvious in the hepatic cell whichof liver were  characterized by atrophy ,irregular hepatic cells ,RBC cells in the blood sinusoid. However,the spleen tissue contains nodule (white pulpe ).The bony tissue have osteocytes large bony vacuoles and the blood vessel were congested.}, keywords = {Metamizole,Dipyrone,Rats}, url = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_71056.html}, eprint = {https://ejvs.journals.ekb.eg/article_71056_a8b83c3e9d6d67493be4ac15ed5ab760.pdf} }